1. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that can be produced by bacteria making them resistant to cephalosporins e.g. cefuroxime, cefotaxime and ceftazidime - which are the most widely used antibiotics in many hospitals.
A new class of ESBL (called CTX-M enzymes) has emerged and these have been widely detected among Escherichia coli ( E. coli) bacteria. These ESBL-producing E. coli are able to resist penicillins and cephalosporins and are found most often in urinary tract infections.
2. Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multi-drug resistance or multiresistance is a condition enabling disease-causing microrganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites) to resist distinct antimicrobials, first and foremost antibiotics,but also antifungal drugs, antiviral medications, antiparasitic drugs, chemicals of a wide variety of structure and function targeted at eradicating the organism.
Common Multi-Drug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs)
a. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
b. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
c. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative bacteria
d. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing Gram-negatives
e. MultiDrug-Resistant gram negative rods (MDR GNR)MDRGN bacteria such as Enterobacter species, E.coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
3. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA).
MRSA is especially troublesome in hospitals, prisons and nursing homes, where patients with open wounds, invasive devices, and weakened immune systems are at greater risk of infection than the general public.
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